OLAC Record: Jahkrai ma (The orphan) with English translation

OLAC Record
oai:paradisec.org.au:KK1-1356

Metadata

Title: Jahkrai ma (The orphan) with English translation

Access Rights: Open (subject to agreeing to PDSC access conditions)

Bibliographic Citation: Keita Kurabe (collector), Keita Kurabe (depositor), S. Merry (speaker), 2017. Jahkrai ma (The orphan) with English translation. X-WAV/MPEG/XML. KK1-1356 at catalog.paradisec.org.au. https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/72/598b36fe1422b

Contributor (compiler): Keita Kurabe

Contributor (depositor): Keita Kurabe

Contributor (speaker): S. Merry

Coverage (Box): northlimit=27.331; southlimit=23.137; westlimit=95.335; eastlimit=98.498

Coverage (ISO3166): MM

Date (W3CDTF): 2017-02-20

Date Created (W3CDTF): 2017-02-20

Description: Translation (Htoi San) Once upon a time, there were a poor widow and her son in a village. There was a beautiful palace near the village too. The king had a gorgeous daughter. When the princess grew up, the king thought to let her get married. So, he called every prince from other countries. Then, the princes from different countries came there. The son of the widow heard the news, so he also went to the palace to see the beautiful princess. He saw that the princess was really beautiful. The princes were wearing royal costumes. But the boy was wearing only shabby clothes. The king was shocked because of him. The king asked him, "Why did you come here?" He answered, "I heard your announcement. I come here because I want your daughter." The king thought, "How come a poor guy like you adores my daughter?" He didn't get angry and said patiently, "You are welcome." He continued, "I will ask you two questions. If you can answer those, I will let you get married to my daughter." Then, the king asked them two questions. The riddle was, 'we can make a pillow with its skin, and a hairpin with its bones.' The princes said, "What kind of riddle is that?" The king told them, "Solve the riddle within three days. Come back after three days." The poor boy went back to his house too. His mother asked him, "How is it going? Did the king give his permission to let you get married to the princess?" He said, "No, mom. The king asked us a difficult riddle. He said he would let the princess get married to the one who could answer his riddle." She asked him, "What is that riddle?" He said, "The riddle is 'we can make a pillow with its skin, and a hairpin with its bones.' I don't know what it is." His mother didn't know the answer too. After three days, she told him, "Go to the palace." And she packed rice and curry for him. The boy was depressed because he didn't know the answer. So, he was sitting down under a tree. He was thinking, "What is the answer?" Meanwhile, there were a couple of crows resting on the tree. They wanted to eat the boy's rice. They asked him, "Why are you depressed?" He answered, "Because I don't know the answer to the king's riddle." They asked him again, "What is the riddle?" He said, "It is that we can make a pillow with its skin, and a hairpin with its bones." They said, "Oh, it's so easy. We will tell you the answer. Listen carefully. In the past, the snake and the princess fell in love. When the king knew that, the king killed that snake. The king ordered the servants to kill the snake. But the princess was pining. So the king ordered the servants to make a pillow with the skin. And he gave his permission to make a hairpin with the snake's bone. The princess had once fallen in love with the snake. But now, the snake was killed. The king had made the pillow and the hairpin with the snake's skin and bones. Tell the king about this. Then, you will win." The boy was so happy that he didn't even eat rice and went to the palace. He gave his rice to the crows. The crows ate the rice till they were full. At the palace, everyone was already there. When the king asked the answer to his riddle, no one knew it. The poor boy said, "My king, your daughter had fallen in love with the snake in the past. The princess was pining a lot because you killed her lover. Therefore, you made a pillow with the snake's skin for your daughter. And you made the hairpin with the bones in order to make her pleased. That's why the princess is alone now." Only his answer was right. So, he got to marry the princess. The king arranged a big wedding for them. The boy took his mother to the palace and lived there happily together. Transcription (La Ring) Moi shawng de mare langai mi kaw grai matsan ai jahkrai hkan nu mung nga ai. Dai mare makau e grai hkyik hkam ai hkaw hkam wang langai mi mung nga ai. Dai hkaw hkam wa gaw grai tsawm ai hkaw hkam shayi sha langai mi lu ai. Dai hkaw hkam shayi sha asak aprat ram wa ai aten hta hkaw hkam wa gaw dai shayi sha hpe mayaw htinggaw de ya na matu grupyin na hkaw hkam shabrang ni hpe shaga ai. Dai shaloi e dai makau grupyin na hkaw hkam kasha ni sa du. Dai shiga hpe dai jahkrai ma mung na re majaw "Shi mung hkaw hkam kasha hpe sa yu na hkaw hkam shayi sha hpe sa yu na" ngu hkaw hkam wang de sa wa ai da. Kaja wa shi sa yu yang hkaw hkam kasha shayi sha dai grai tsawm ai da. Kaga kaw na hkaw hkam kasha ni gaw hkaw hkam hkying hte grai grai hkyik hkam nna sa wa ai. Raitim mung dai jahkrai ma gaw bu hpun palawng pyi shaje shamya rai na sha sa du rai nna hkaw hkam wa gaw grai mau ai da. "Nang kaning rai na hpabaw di na ngu sa wa nta" ngu jang "Hkaw hkam wa nang hkaw hkam kasha hpe e ya sha na nga ai shiga na nna hkaw hkam kasha hpe ra nna sa wa nngai" ngu jang hkaw hkam wa gaw "Ye ya nde de matsan ai wa hkaw hkam shayi sha ra ai nga gaw" ngu raitim hkaw hkam wa gaw grai myit galu ai hte "Hpa nra ai nang ra jang mung rai sai raitim mung ngai nanhte hpe e gasan lahkawng san na dai chye htai jang she hkaw hkam kasha jaw sha na" ngu ai da. Dai majaw hkaw hkam wa gaw dai makau grupyin na hkaw hkam kasha hte dai jahkrai ma hte re yawng hpe she mahtai san na matu mahtai jaw ai da. Dai mahtai dai gaw "Ahpyi hte gaw bumhkum chywi nra hte gaw jaw grang galaw" ngu ai ga mahtai san dat ai da. Dai majaw "Dai gaw kaning nga ai ga mahtai re ta" ngu san dat ai "Dai hpe masum ya sha wa myit yu mu. Masum ya sha myit yu nna bai sa wa marit" ngu nna she dat dat ai da. Dat dat jang gaw dai gaida kasha mung kanu kaw wa rai gaida kasha gaw "Ma e ya hkaw hkam wa jaw sha na nga nni" ngu jang "Nu e grai htai grai htai yak ai mahtai jaw dat ai law dai chye htai jang she jaw sha na da" ngu yang she "Dai kaning re mahtai wa re ta" ngu da. Shaloi jang she "Yi nu e ahpyi hte gaw bumhkum chywi da lu nra hte gaw jaw grang galaw re da lo dai gaw kaning rai nna byin wa a ta nga nna htai shangun ai re" ngu da. Rai jang she e kanu mung nchye ai da. Kadai mung nchye rai she masum ya ngu na nhtoi hta gaw "Bai sa wa nu" ngu she kanu gaw shat makai mung jaw dat rai na she shat mai sha mung shagun na hkaw hkam wang de bai sa wa shangun ai she hpun pawt langai mi kaw sa myit ru sai da. "Mahtai ndai kaning ngu htai na i" ngu sa myit ru nna shat mung nsha dai sa myit ru nga yang she htaw dai hpun ntsa e gaw kahka lahkawng gaw dai jahkrai ma a shat makai sha mayu nna she "Jahkrai ma e hpa wa myit ru nga nta" ngu yang she "Hkaw hkam wa htai shangun ai mahtai nchye htai nna myit ru nga nngai law" ngu. "Kaning nga mahtai htai shangun a ta" ngu jang she "Ahpyi hte gaw bumhkum chywi nra hte gaw jaw grang galaw" nga ai mahtai htai shangun ai ngu jang she "E dai sha wa tsun dan dat de ga atsawm madat u" ngu na she "Moi hkaw hkam shayi sha dai hpe gaw lapu kaba langai mi ra nna lapu kaba dai gaw hkaw hkam shayi sha hpe ra ai lam hpe hkaw hkam ni chye nna lapu kaba dai hpe sat rai yang e hkaw hkam shayi sha dai gaw shi a sumtsaw wa hpe sat kau ya na dai lapu hkaw hkam sumtsaw dai hkaw hkam kasha gaw lapu sumtsaw lu ai dai sumtsaw dai hpe sat kau ya nna e dai ahpyi hpe gaw hkaw hkam kasha nau hkrap ai re majaw nang bumhkum galaw u ngu na ahpyi hte gaw bumhkum galaw ya. Nang nang yawn ai majaw na sumtsaw wa a nra hte gaw jaw grang galaw u ngu na jaw grang galaw ya re da. Dai hkaw hkam kasha dai kade tsawm tim um lapu sumtsaw lu ai. Ya chyawm me gaw lu sat kau ya rai dan rai nna bumhkum hte jaw grang pyi galaw ya hkra re ai ngu na sa hkai dan u. Dai shaloi jang e nang dang na ra ai" ngu jang she nau kabu nau kabu nna she shat makai dai mung nsha ai she gat mat wa ai hkaw hkam wang de. Dai kahka yan gaw dai hkaw hkam wang de gat mat wa ai jahkrai ma a shat ni ahkru awang sha rai hkaw hkam kasha dai mung wo de sa mat wa rai yang kaja wa masum ya ngu ai dai hte mahtai dai gaw yawng hpe san yang e kadai mung nchye htai. Kadai mung nchye htai rai nna she dai jahkrai ma dai she "Hkaw hkam wa na shayi sha gaw moi lapu hte sumtsaw tsaw yu sai. Nang hkaw hkam wa gaw dai lapu hpe e sat kau ya nna dai na shayi sha gaw grai hkrap ai da. Dai majaw nang hkaw hkam wa gaw nang nau hkrap ai majaw dai lapu a ahpyi hte gaw bumhkum galaw ya na. Dai nra hte gaw jaw grang galaw ya di nna shi hpe e marit shamai shapyaw tawn ai re da. Dai majaw hkaw hkam shayi sha ndai ya du hkra nga taw nga ai re da" ngu sa hkai dan rai jang jaw mat nna wo kaga hkaw hkam kasha ni gaw kachyi mung njaw ma. Dai jahkrai ma gaw dai mahtai hpe grai jaw nna sa htai ai majaw dai hkaw hkam kasha hpe mung lu la rai kanu hpe mung woi la dai hkaw hkam wa mung kasha a mahtai kasha hpe atsawm sha e hkungran ya rai dai hkaw hkam a kahkri tai nna hkaw hkam wang e nga mat. Kanu hpe mung atsawm sha woi la bau maka rai hkaw hkam wang e nga na kanu hpe mung atsawm sha lu bau maka. Dai hkaw hkam wang kaw ngwi ngwi pyaw pyaw nga ma ai da. . Language as given: Jinghpaw

Format: Digitised: no Media: Audio

Identifier: KK1-1356

Identifier (URI): http://catalog.paradisec.org.au/repository/KK1/1356

Language: Kachin

Language (ISO639): kac

Rights: Open (subject to agreeing to PDSC access conditions)

Subject: Kachin language

Subject (ISO639): kac

Subject (OLAC): language_documentation

text_and_corpus_linguistics

Table Of Contents (URI): http://catalog.paradisec.org.au/repository/KK1/1356/KK1-1356-A.wav

http://catalog.paradisec.org.au/repository/KK1/1356/KK1-1356-A.mp3

http://catalog.paradisec.org.au/repository/KK1/1356/KK1-1356-A.eaf

Type (DCMI): Sound

Type (OLAC): primary_text

OLAC Info

Archive: Pacific And Regional Archive for Digital Sources in Endangered Cultures (PARADISEC)

Description: http://www.language-archives.org/archive/paradisec.org.au

GetRecord: OAI-PMH request for OLAC format

GetRecord: Pre-generated XML file

OAI Info

OaiIdentifier: oai:paradisec.org.au:KK1-1356

DateStamp: 2023-03-11

GetRecord: OAI-PMH request for simple DC format

Search Info
Citation: Keita Kurabe (compiler); Keita Kurabe (depositor); S. Merry (speaker). 2017. Pacific And Regional Archive for Digital Sources in Endangered Cultures (PARADISEC).
Terms: area_Asia country_MM dcmi_Sound iso639_kac olac_language_documentation olac_primary_text olac_text_and_corpus_linguistics

Inferred Metadata
Country: Myanmar
Area: Asia

http://www.language-archives.org/item.php/oai:paradisec.org.au:KK1-1356
Up-to-date as of: Fri Sep 29 1:57:37 EDT 2023

Metadata
Title:		Jahkrai ma (The orphan) with English translation
Access Rights:		Open (subject to agreeing to PDSC access conditions)
Bibliographic Citation:		Keita Kurabe (collector), Keita Kurabe (depositor), S. Merry (speaker), 2017. Jahkrai ma (The orphan) with English translation. X-WAV/MPEG/XML. KK1-1356 at catalog.paradisec.org.au. https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/72/598b36fe1422b
Contributor (compiler):		Keita Kurabe
Contributor (depositor):		Keita Kurabe
Contributor (speaker):		S. Merry
Coverage (Box):		northlimit=27.331; southlimit=23.137; westlimit=95.335; eastlimit=98.498
Coverage (ISO3166):		MM
Date (W3CDTF):		2017-02-20
Date Created (W3CDTF):		2017-02-20
Description:		Translation (Htoi San) Once upon a time, there were a poor widow and her son in a village. There was a beautiful palace near the village too. The king had a gorgeous daughter. When the princess grew up, the king thought to let her get married. So, he called every prince from other countries. Then, the princes from different countries came there. The son of the widow heard the news, so he also went to the palace to see the beautiful princess. He saw that the princess was really beautiful. The princes were wearing royal costumes. But the boy was wearing only shabby clothes. The king was shocked because of him. The king asked him, "Why did you come here?" He answered, "I heard your announcement. I come here because I want your daughter." The king thought, "How come a poor guy like you adores my daughter?" He didn't get angry and said patiently, "You are welcome." He continued, "I will ask you two questions. If you can answer those, I will let you get married to my daughter." Then, the king asked them two questions. The riddle was, 'we can make a pillow with its skin, and a hairpin with its bones.' The princes said, "What kind of riddle is that?" The king told them, "Solve the riddle within three days. Come back after three days." The poor boy went back to his house too. His mother asked him, "How is it going? Did the king give his permission to let you get married to the princess?" He said, "No, mom. The king asked us a difficult riddle. He said he would let the princess get married to the one who could answer his riddle." She asked him, "What is that riddle?" He said, "The riddle is 'we can make a pillow with its skin, and a hairpin with its bones.' I don't know what it is." His mother didn't know the answer too. After three days, she told him, "Go to the palace." And she packed rice and curry for him. The boy was depressed because he didn't know the answer. So, he was sitting down under a tree. He was thinking, "What is the answer?" Meanwhile, there were a couple of crows resting on the tree. They wanted to eat the boy's rice. They asked him, "Why are you depressed?" He answered, "Because I don't know the answer to the king's riddle." They asked him again, "What is the riddle?" He said, "It is that we can make a pillow with its skin, and a hairpin with its bones." They said, "Oh, it's so easy. We will tell you the answer. Listen carefully. In the past, the snake and the princess fell in love. When the king knew that, the king killed that snake. The king ordered the servants to kill the snake. But the princess was pining. So the king ordered the servants to make a pillow with the skin. And he gave his permission to make a hairpin with the snake's bone. The princess had once fallen in love with the snake. But now, the snake was killed. The king had made the pillow and the hairpin with the snake's skin and bones. Tell the king about this. Then, you will win." The boy was so happy that he didn't even eat rice and went to the palace. He gave his rice to the crows. The crows ate the rice till they were full. At the palace, everyone was already there. When the king asked the answer to his riddle, no one knew it. The poor boy said, "My king, your daughter had fallen in love with the snake in the past. The princess was pining a lot because you killed her lover. Therefore, you made a pillow with the snake's skin for your daughter. And you made the hairpin with the bones in order to make her pleased. That's why the princess is alone now." Only his answer was right. So, he got to marry the princess. The king arranged a big wedding for them. The boy took his mother to the palace and lived there happily together. Transcription (La Ring) Moi shawng de mare langai mi kaw grai matsan ai jahkrai hkan nu mung nga ai. Dai mare makau e grai hkyik hkam ai hkaw hkam wang langai mi mung nga ai. Dai hkaw hkam wa gaw grai tsawm ai hkaw hkam shayi sha langai mi lu ai. Dai hkaw hkam shayi sha asak aprat ram wa ai aten hta hkaw hkam wa gaw dai shayi sha hpe mayaw htinggaw de ya na matu grupyin na hkaw hkam shabrang ni hpe shaga ai. Dai shaloi e dai makau grupyin na hkaw hkam kasha ni sa du. Dai shiga hpe dai jahkrai ma mung na re majaw "Shi mung hkaw hkam kasha hpe sa yu na hkaw hkam shayi sha hpe sa yu na" ngu hkaw hkam wang de sa wa ai da. Kaja wa shi sa yu yang hkaw hkam kasha shayi sha dai grai tsawm ai da. Kaga kaw na hkaw hkam kasha ni gaw hkaw hkam hkying hte grai grai hkyik hkam nna sa wa ai. Raitim mung dai jahkrai ma gaw bu hpun palawng pyi shaje shamya rai na sha sa du rai nna hkaw hkam wa gaw grai mau ai da. "Nang kaning rai na hpabaw di na ngu sa wa nta" ngu jang "Hkaw hkam wa nang hkaw hkam kasha hpe e ya sha na nga ai shiga na nna hkaw hkam kasha hpe ra nna sa wa nngai" ngu jang hkaw hkam wa gaw "Ye ya nde de matsan ai wa hkaw hkam shayi sha ra ai nga gaw" ngu raitim hkaw hkam wa gaw grai myit galu ai hte "Hpa nra ai nang ra jang mung rai sai raitim mung ngai nanhte hpe e gasan lahkawng san na dai chye htai jang she hkaw hkam kasha jaw sha na" ngu ai da. Dai majaw hkaw hkam wa gaw dai makau grupyin na hkaw hkam kasha hte dai jahkrai ma hte re yawng hpe she mahtai san na matu mahtai jaw ai da. Dai mahtai dai gaw "Ahpyi hte gaw bumhkum chywi nra hte gaw jaw grang galaw" ngu ai ga mahtai san dat ai da. Dai majaw "Dai gaw kaning nga ai ga mahtai re ta" ngu san dat ai "Dai hpe masum ya sha wa myit yu mu. Masum ya sha myit yu nna bai sa wa marit" ngu nna she dat dat ai da. Dat dat jang gaw dai gaida kasha mung kanu kaw wa rai gaida kasha gaw "Ma e ya hkaw hkam wa jaw sha na nga nni" ngu jang "Nu e grai htai grai htai yak ai mahtai jaw dat ai law dai chye htai jang she jaw sha na da" ngu yang she "Dai kaning re mahtai wa re ta" ngu da. Shaloi jang she "Yi nu e ahpyi hte gaw bumhkum chywi da lu nra hte gaw jaw grang galaw re da lo dai gaw kaning rai nna byin wa a ta nga nna htai shangun ai re" ngu da. Rai jang she e kanu mung nchye ai da. Kadai mung nchye rai she masum ya ngu na nhtoi hta gaw "Bai sa wa nu" ngu she kanu gaw shat makai mung jaw dat rai na she shat mai sha mung shagun na hkaw hkam wang de bai sa wa shangun ai she hpun pawt langai mi kaw sa myit ru sai da. "Mahtai ndai kaning ngu htai na i" ngu sa myit ru nna shat mung nsha dai sa myit ru nga yang she htaw dai hpun ntsa e gaw kahka lahkawng gaw dai jahkrai ma a shat makai sha mayu nna she "Jahkrai ma e hpa wa myit ru nga nta" ngu yang she "Hkaw hkam wa htai shangun ai mahtai nchye htai nna myit ru nga nngai law" ngu. "Kaning nga mahtai htai shangun a ta" ngu jang she "Ahpyi hte gaw bumhkum chywi nra hte gaw jaw grang galaw" nga ai mahtai htai shangun ai ngu jang she "E dai sha wa tsun dan dat de ga atsawm madat u" ngu na she "Moi hkaw hkam shayi sha dai hpe gaw lapu kaba langai mi ra nna lapu kaba dai gaw hkaw hkam shayi sha hpe ra ai lam hpe hkaw hkam ni chye nna lapu kaba dai hpe sat rai yang e hkaw hkam shayi sha dai gaw shi a sumtsaw wa hpe sat kau ya na dai lapu hkaw hkam sumtsaw dai hkaw hkam kasha gaw lapu sumtsaw lu ai dai sumtsaw dai hpe sat kau ya nna e dai ahpyi hpe gaw hkaw hkam kasha nau hkrap ai re majaw nang bumhkum galaw u ngu na ahpyi hte gaw bumhkum galaw ya. Nang nang yawn ai majaw na sumtsaw wa a nra hte gaw jaw grang galaw u ngu na jaw grang galaw ya re da. Dai hkaw hkam kasha dai kade tsawm tim um lapu sumtsaw lu ai. Ya chyawm me gaw lu sat kau ya rai dan rai nna bumhkum hte jaw grang pyi galaw ya hkra re ai ngu na sa hkai dan u. Dai shaloi jang e nang dang na ra ai" ngu jang she nau kabu nau kabu nna she shat makai dai mung nsha ai she gat mat wa ai hkaw hkam wang de. Dai kahka yan gaw dai hkaw hkam wang de gat mat wa ai jahkrai ma a shat ni ahkru awang sha rai hkaw hkam kasha dai mung wo de sa mat wa rai yang kaja wa masum ya ngu ai dai hte mahtai dai gaw yawng hpe san yang e kadai mung nchye htai. Kadai mung nchye htai rai nna she dai jahkrai ma dai she "Hkaw hkam wa na shayi sha gaw moi lapu hte sumtsaw tsaw yu sai. Nang hkaw hkam wa gaw dai lapu hpe e sat kau ya nna dai na shayi sha gaw grai hkrap ai da. Dai majaw nang hkaw hkam wa gaw nang nau hkrap ai majaw dai lapu a ahpyi hte gaw bumhkum galaw ya na. Dai nra hte gaw jaw grang galaw ya di nna shi hpe e marit shamai shapyaw tawn ai re da. Dai majaw hkaw hkam shayi sha ndai ya du hkra nga taw nga ai re da" ngu sa hkai dan rai jang jaw mat nna wo kaga hkaw hkam kasha ni gaw kachyi mung njaw ma. Dai jahkrai ma gaw dai mahtai hpe grai jaw nna sa htai ai majaw dai hkaw hkam kasha hpe mung lu la rai kanu hpe mung woi la dai hkaw hkam wa mung kasha a mahtai kasha hpe atsawm sha e hkungran ya rai dai hkaw hkam a kahkri tai nna hkaw hkam wang e nga mat. Kanu hpe mung atsawm sha woi la bau maka rai hkaw hkam wang e nga na kanu hpe mung atsawm sha lu bau maka. Dai hkaw hkam wang kaw ngwi ngwi pyaw pyaw nga ma ai da. . Language as given: Jinghpaw
Format:		Digitised: no Media: Audio
Identifier:		KK1-1356
Identifier (URI):		http://catalog.paradisec.org.au/repository/KK1/1356
Language:		Kachin
Language (ISO639):		kac
Rights:		Open (subject to agreeing to PDSC access conditions)
Subject:		Kachin language
Subject (ISO639):		kac
Subject (OLAC):		language_documentation
Subject (OLAC):		text_and_corpus_linguistics
Table Of Contents (URI):		http://catalog.paradisec.org.au/repository/KK1/1356/KK1-1356-A.wav
		http://catalog.paradisec.org.au/repository/KK1/1356/KK1-1356-A.mp3
		http://catalog.paradisec.org.au/repository/KK1/1356/KK1-1356-A.eaf
Type (DCMI):		Sound
Type (OLAC):		primary_text
OLAC Info
Archive:		Pacific And Regional Archive for Digital Sources in Endangered Cultures (PARADISEC)
Description:		http://www.language-archives.org/archive/paradisec.org.au
GetRecord:		OAI-PMH request for OLAC format
GetRecord:		Pre-generated XML file
OAI Info
OaiIdentifier:		oai:paradisec.org.au:KK1-1356
DateStamp:		2023-03-11
GetRecord:		OAI-PMH request for simple DC format
Search Info
Citation:		Keita Kurabe (compiler); Keita Kurabe (depositor); S. Merry (speaker). 2017. Pacific And Regional Archive for Digital Sources in Endangered Cultures (PARADISEC).
Terms:		area_Asia country_MM dcmi_Sound iso639_kac olac_language_documentation olac_primary_text olac_text_and_corpus_linguistics
Inferred Metadata
Country:		Myanmar
Area:		Asia